It's called "Middle C", because it's the one note that basically any pitched instrument (drums don't count) can hit, and the one note that basically every human being can sing. Though A4 / A440 is the benchmark against which all instruments are tuned, there is also a second benchmark that is used frequently. So, in conclusion, an "octave," defined as having 8 notes, actually contains 12 notes. "chroma", color) scale, whereas one that includes only the main seven scale degrees (A - G, or their equivalent) is called a "diatonic" scale. A scale that includes the black keys is called a "chromatic" (i.e. Black keys exist because the piano keyboard is designed so that the white keys naturally form a C major scale, with the black keys representing the five notes that are skipped over in said C major scale. As mentioned, the major scale contains a very specific sequence of whole steps and half-steps. "But what about the black keys?" you might still be asking, and you'd have a good point. (Pitches double in hertz value when they go up or down this way.) The distance between A4 and A5 is called an "octave," so called because there are eight ("octo") notes between them. So if you had an A major scale starting at A4 / A440, the top of the scale would be A5 / A880. See, the reason that the letters in Western music are only A through G is because the thing above G is another A. The major scale is composed of specific intervals: A pitch, another pitch a whole step above that, another pitch a whole step above that, a pitch that's a half-step above the third one, three more pitches that are ascending whole steps, and one more half-step pitch that brings us back around. Congratulations! You've found a half-step! Now let us help you make sense of why a black key should not be there. "But what about if there's two white keys without a black key in between them?" you might be asking if you've glanced at a piano recently. These terms are used frequently when describing intervals. The distance between the two white keys, if they have a black key between them, is called a whole step. This black key represents the half-step, and is either called A♯ or B♭ depending on the circumstances (There are rules about this that we will get into later). but they have a black key in between them. For instance, you can have the pitches A and B, and they're directly next to each other as white keys on the piano. The closest two pitches can be together is a half-step, which typically involves a sharp (♯) or flat (♭) sign. Pitches are also classified in " half-steps," which is the true indivisible interval in Western notation. The pitches in a scale have very specific mathematical relationships to one another, but again we're not going to bother getting into that. The most normal-sounding scale for most human beings is the "major" scale.
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Scales Scales are series of pitches that feel like they go together. At this time we should take a moment to mention that the "scientific pitch notation" name for A440 is A4, so-called because it's the 4th "A" key on a piano (not counting the A0 way down at the bottom remember, the incrementation occurs at C). There are a number of ways to notate them, but we're going to stick with a combination of "scientific pitch notation," which actually names them after the piano keys - the lowest being A0 and the highest being C8, and the numbers incrementing every time you have a new C - and "hertz" notation, where a pitch is listed with its hertz quantity - A440, for instance. Western notation tends to stick with 88 of them - coincidentally, the 88 heard when you press the keys on a piano. You'll be glad to know that the larger majority of them aren't used. Obviously, there are a lot of available frequencies between 0 and 440, and more beyond it. Most instruments are tuned directly according to this pitch (except for the ones that aren't). There is a relation between pitches and hertz the official "home base" of music is A440, so called because the frequency of said pitch is 440 hz and it is used as an A. Pitches are also understood using the alphabet system of A-B-C-D-E-F-G. This is physics, and it's not very interesting, so we won't spend much time on it. The number of vibrations per second (as measured in hertz) determines the frequency.
Quick physics lesson: every noise is just vibrations in the air around us. Scientifically speaking, "pitch" is a measure of the frequency of a noise.
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